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Christian culture is a term primarily used in academia to describe the cultural practices common to Christianity. With the rapid expansion of Christianity to Europe, Syria, Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, Egypt, Ethiopia, and India and by the end of the 4th century had become the official state church of the Roman Empire.〔Religion in the Roman Empire, Wiley-Blackwell, by James B. Rives, page 196〕〔(Catholic encyclopedia ) New Advent〕〔McManners, ''Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity'', pp. 301–03.〕 Christian culture has influenced and assimilated much from the Greco-Roman Byzantine, Caucasian, Indian, African, Middle Eastern, Latin American, and the Western culture. Western culture, throughout most of its history, has been nearly equivalent to Christian culture, and many of the population of the Western hemisphere could broadly be described as cultural Christians. The notion of "Europe" and the "Western World" has been intimately connected with the concept of "Christianity and Christendom" many even attribute Christianity for being the link that created a unified European identity. Though Western culture contained several polytheistic religions during its early years under the Greek and Roman empires, as the centralized Roman power waned, the dominance of the Catholic Church was the only consistent force in Western Europe. Until the Age of Enlightenment, Christian culture guided the course of philosophy, literature, art, music and science.〔 Christian disciplines of the respective arts have subsequently developed into Christian philosophy, Christian art, Christian music, Christian literature etc. Christianity had a significant impact on education and science and medicine as the church created the bases of the Western system of education,〔(Encyclopædia Britannica ) Forms of Christian education〕 and was the sponsor of founding universities in the Western world as the university is generally regarded as an institution that has its origin in the Medieval Christian setting.〔Rüegg, Walter: "Foreword. The University as a European Institution", in: ''A History of the University in Europe. Vol. 1: Universities in the Middle Ages'', Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-521-36105-2, pp. XIX–XX〕 Many clerics throughout history have made significant contributions to science and Jesuits in particular have made numerous significant contributions to the development of science.〔Susan Elizabeth Hough, ''Richter's Scale: Measure of an Earthquake, Measure of a Man'', Princeton University Press, 2007, ISBN 0691128073, (p. 68. )〕〔(Encyclopædia Britannica ) Jesuit〕 The cultural influence of Christianity includes social welfare,〔(Encyclopædia Britannica ) Church and social welfare〕 founding hospitals,〔(Encyclopædia Britannica ) Care for the sick〕 economics (as the Protestant work ethic),〔(Encyclopædia Britannica ) Property, poverty, and the poor,〕 politics,〔(Encyclopædia Britannica ) Church and state〕 architecture,〔Sir Banister Fletcher, ''History of Architecture on the Comparative Method''.〕 literature〔Buringh, Eltjo; van Zanden, Jan Luiten: "Charting the 'Rise of the West': Manuscripts and Printed Books in Europe, A Long-Term Perspective from the Sixth through Eighteenth Centuries", ''The Journal of Economic History'', Vol. 69, No. 2 (2009), pp. 409–445 (416, table 1)〕 and family life.〔(Encyclopædia Britannica ) The tendency to spiritualize and individualize marriage〕 Christianity it also had a strong impact on all other aspects of life: marriage and family, education, the humanities and sciences, the political and social order, the economy, and the arts.〔Karl Heussi, ''Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte'', 11. Auflage (1956), Tübingen (Germany), pp. 317-319, 325-326〕 Eastern Christians (particularly Nestorian Christians) contributed to the Arab Islamic Civilization during the Ummayad and the Abbasid periods by translating works of Greek philosophers to Syriac and afterwards to Arabic.〔Hill, Donald. ''Islamic Science and Engineering''. 1993. Edinburgh Univ. Press. ISBN 0-7486-0455-3, p.4〕〔Ferguson, Kitty (Pythagoras: His Lives and the Legacy of a Rational Universe ) Walker Publishing Company, New York, 2008, (page number not available – occurs toward end of Chapter 13, "The Wrap-up of Antiquity"). "It was in the Near and Middle East and North Africa that the old traditions of teaching and learning continued, and where Christian scholars were carefully preserving ancient texts and knowledge of the ancient Greek language."〕 They also excelled in philosophy, science, theology and medicine.〔Rémi Brague, (Assyrians contributions to the Islamic civilization )〕〔Britannica, (Nestorian )〕 Christians have made a myriad contributions in a broad and diverse range of fields, including the sciences, arts, politics, literatures and business.〔(Religious Affiliation of History's 100 Most Influential People )〕〔(The Scientific 100 )〕〔(50 Nobel Laureates and Other Great Scientists Who Believe in God )〕〔(Religious Affiliation of the World's Greatest Artists )〕〔(The Wealthy 100 )〕〔(Religious Affiliation of History's Greatest Philosophers )〕 According to ''100 Years of Nobel Prizes'' a review of Nobel prizes award between 1901 and 2000 reveals that (65.4%) of Nobel Prizes Laureates, have identified Christianity in its various forms as their religious preference.〔Baruch A. Shalev, ''100 Years of Nobel Prizes'' (2003), Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, p.57: between 1901 and 2000 reveals that 654 Laureates belong to 28 different religions. Most (65.4%) have identified Christianity in its various forms as their religious preference. ISBN 978-0935047370〕 Cultural Christians are secular people with a Christian heritage who may not believe in the religious claims of Christianity, but who retain an affinity for the popular culture, art, music, and so on related to it. Another frequent application of the term is to distinguish political groups in areas of mixed religious backgrounds. == Architecture == (詳細はEarly Christian architectural traditions established in the Constantinian period. Cathedrals in particular, as well as many abbey churches and basilicas, have certain complex structural forms that are found less often in parish churches. They also tend to display a higher level of contemporary architectural style and the work of accomplished craftsmen, and occupy a status both ecclesiastical and social that an ordinary parish church does not have. Such a cathedral or great church is generally one of the finest buildings within its region and is a focus of local pride. Many cathedrals and basilicas, and a number of abbey churches are among the world's most renowned works of architecture. These include St. Peter’s Basilica, Notre Dame de Paris, Cologne Cathedral, Salisbury Cathedral, Prague Cathedral, Lincoln Cathedral, the Basilica of St Denis, the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore, the Basilica of San Vitale, St Mark's Basilica, Westminster Abbey, Saint Basil's Cathedral, Washington National Cathedral, Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception, Cathedral Basilica of Saint Louis, Gaudí's incomplete Sagrada Familia and the ancient church of Hagia Sophia, now a museum. The earliest large churches date from Late Antiquity. As Christianity and the construction of churches and cathedrals spread throughout the world, their manner of building was dependent upon local materials and local techniques. Different styles of architecture developed and their fashion spread, carried by the establishment of monastic orders, by the posting of bishops from one region to another and by the travelling of master stonemasons who served as architects.〔John Harvey, ''The Gothic World''.〕 The styles of the great church buildings are successively known as Early Christian, Byzantine, Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, various Revival styles of the late 18th to early 20th centuries and Modern.〔Sir Banister Fletcher, ''History of Architecture on the Comparative Method''.〕 Overlaid on each of the academic styles are the regional characteristics. Some of these characteristics are so typical of a particular country or region that they appear, regardless of style, in the architecture of churches designed many centuries apart.〔Sir Banister Fletcher, ''History of Architecture on the Comparative Method''.〕 File:Moscow StBasilCathedral d18.jpg|Saint Basil's Cathedral File:View of Nativity Façade of Basilica and Expiatory Church of the Holy Family (Basílica i Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada Família) ( UNESCO World Heritage Site). Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.jpg|Sagrada Família File:Facade-notre-dame-paris-ciel-bleu crop 2.jpg|Notre Dame de Paris File:SanFranciscoDeAsis view1.jpg|San Francisco de Asís Church File:Florence Duomo from Michelangelo hill.jpg|Florence Cathedral 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Christian culture」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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